On the war of iraq Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On the war of iraq - Research Paper Example tyrannical rule of Saddam Hussein, indiscriminate killing, large-scale unemployment, loss of basic infrastructure, lack of law-enforcement, and armed resistance, made the country’s future appear bleak. This is particularly true for the most vulnerable sections of Iraqi society: the children, women and old people (Ismael, 2007). The classical Just War tradition with ethical criteria for pre-emptive war, is not adequately filled by the Bush Administration’s use of military force in the attack it led against Iraq, as part of the war against global terrorism. The doctrine of pre-emptive war in the case of Iraq fails vital ethical tests (Wester, 2004). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to present an argumentative discussion on the United States’ continued war on Iraq, beginning in 2003. The extent to which it was a Just War will be examined on the basis of the presidential justification for war with Iraq, public and media misperceptions about the war created by the Administration, and level of evidentiary strength in the president’s case for war. The theoretical framework of the doctrine of Just War related to the concept of an unavoidable war to protect humanitarian rights, forms a useful tool for analysis. The doctrine includes international laws on the use of armed force in combat. â€Å"Beyond strict assessments of the legality of war, Just War doctrine is concerned with the broader notion of justice† (Enemark & Michaelson, 2005, p.545). The Just War doctrine is based on the principle that the inevitable death and destruction caused by war results in the burden of proof to explain the moral justification for war, falling on those who advocate the use of armed force. The two dimensions to Just War doctrine are: jus ad bellum or the justice of going to war, and jus in bello or the just conduct of war. The jus ad bellum framework can be used to primarily assess the justice of the decision taken by the U.S. Administration to invade Iraq in March

Men and Women Through Body Languages Essay Example for Free

Men and Women Through Body Languages Essay Abstract Communication had its verbal and nonverbal understandings, but they also have their misunderstandings. Body language has industrialized itself with different types of language that were brought up by the society. Men and women weren’t use to these body languages towards the similar gender. Miscommunication has been a problem when dealing with these differences. Men and women continue to build body languages that only made sense to themselves and not to the opposite gender. Although one defeats the other in a general body language such as; gestures for men and facial expressions for women, they will always be equal. Body languages may also differ between the two parties through culture and behavior. By knowing the differences between the two genders, a mutual understanding may be established. What is â€Å"communication†? Realistically, we can never fail to harass the use of communication because of its purpose in the society. Communication can be either verbal or nonverbal (Carnes.2010). How DO Men and Women communicate differently using body language? That’s the question we would usually ask ourselves and scarcely know the answer. According to Gray, author of the best-seller â€Å"Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus† (1992), one of the reasons that men and women differ in their use of nonverbal communication is that their reasons for communicating are often different (Carnes.2010). This means, in most situations, a man will commonly misunderstood a woman’s language because the perspective of one gender is distributed at a different angle. Diligently, Communication has altered itself through the different uses of body language between men and women; therefore, by expanding our knowledge of its diversity; we can unravel the miscommunication between two different parties. Such as the different types of verbally communicating, there are also different types of body language. We can’t entirely stress ourselves to see that, it is now a common and preferable use to most nowadays. Body language has industrialized itself through, facial expression, gestures, and physical contact by different classes of the society, whether it’s from the low class (Gangs, uneducated, etc.) to the high class (the Rich, prejudice, perfectionists, etc.). Research shows that women tend to make more eye contact during communication than men (Carnes.2010). Part of the reason for this is that, they want to be able to engage an emotional connection. An emotional connection through facial expression provides women an easier approach without the need to decide the words she wants or needs to say. This is why women are often taken for granted by men, because men read the emotions shown by women differently. Despite women’s abusive use of eye contact, men also have their side of use. Unlike women, men use eye contact to intimidate by nonverbally asserting dominance (Grover). Since men and women use similar nonverbal communication approach to different ends, they may interpret it differently when confronted. However, eye contact isn’t the only facial expression they differ, but also a simple smile. Women smile more often than men, however, this doesn’t necessarily mean that women are naturally happier than men. Freeman, author of â€Å"Women: A feminist perspective,† asserts that men rely on more obvious gestures and are more likely to use their hands to express themselves (Carnes.2010). Majority of the time, men decide to let their hands do the talking, such as women; they try not to stress themselves with words in order for them to remain in a safe zone. Similar situation happens within cultures such as the Samoans. The High Chiefs would speak with a lot of hand movement in a tradition ceremony. This means, they fear that words wouldn’t deliver correctly or satisfy the opposite. Because men dominant over gesture than women; women tend to make up for it with more facial expressions. However, that doesn’t mean women don’t know how to use gesture, for they use more subtle and restrained gestures and exhibit deferential gestures, such as lowering the eyes when interrupted or confronted (Carnes.2010). According to Carnes (2010), since men are more likely than women to associate touching with sexual intentions, heterosexual men are less to use touch during conversation with other men. Due to what men call, â€Å"Manly hood† or a similar term called â€Å"standards†. Men tend to keep distances from people when they talk to them and touch them less. Men do not express too much when touching other men unlike women, where they are far less concerned about touching other women because they also use touching as an expression of friendship or sympathy. They stand close to people and touch them to generally connect with whoever they are talking to. The difference between the two are simple, men aren’t as open as women where they express their feelings to men through touching just as to other women. This is considered a nonverbal difference because, like other reasons, it can be interpreted in different ways by different genders. Miscommunication has been a problem when dealing with these differences such as relationships. Romantic relationships often end due to miscommunication between the man and woman (Renwall.2010). It’s not because either of the two didn’t have good intentions, it’s because they didn’t communicate well enough to understand each other. Among males, competition is more important. Women in the other hand, concentrate more on cooperation. Studies show that as males’ age, their fact-to-face communication eventually resembles two people sitting in the driver’s and passenger’s seats, in the front seats of a vehicle (Renwall.2010). However, girls sit or stand in a circle when communicating, so that it’ll them to form a bond with each other. Were all-too-familiar with the iconic scene of a husband whos just returned from work, and buries himself in the daily newspaper. His wife wants to talk to him about his day, but hed rather enjoy the escapism that the newspaper provides. In this scenario, neither the man nor the woman is right or wrong. Instead, theyre exhibiting the common communication style of men and women, in a particular situation (Renwall.2010). In addition to (Carnes) relationships, women tend to lean forward when talking to a person, to show that they’re listening. They tend to use nonverbal communication as a means of enhancing her relationship with the person she’s communicating with. Often of times when couples or friends get into a major argument, it’s by miscommunication. But by learning how to communicate more effectively with opposite gender, you can prevent such situations that could even be fatal to the relationship! (Renwall.2010). There are times when women tend to say things while moving in circles; especially if there’s something that’s bothering them. By dropping hints instead of attacking the matter head on, women feel they are working at maintaining the relationship (Finkle.2011). However, it can contradict if a man is totally confused because he lacks at interpretation. Women go in circles, but men go for the jugular. To elaborate more on that; when men are bothered by something, they most likely focus on verbally communicating with just few words such as, â€Å"that’s just wrong†. Women interpret this as a heartless and tactless way of communicating, which may lead to arguments (Finkle.2011). Although one is dominant than the other to certain categories; women tend to be better at understanding body languages than men. Women are often better at picking up differences between what someone is saying with his words and body language. Sometimes women would communicate with men nonverbally; however, they wonder why men do not understand. On a daily basis, you would hear a man or a group of men calling out to a woman by saying words such as â€Å"hey baby, damn you’re hot, hello sexy momma, etc.† this is what Sam Grover of the eHow contributor community meant when he said â€Å"The reason is because men rely more on verbal communication than women.† This could sometime be a turn off for most women because it gives an image that they are cheap (Ta’amu.2012) There are differences in behaviors as well as differences in the purpose behind their behaviors (Amos,2012). These are the two primary ways that show up through the differences between men and women in body language. This means, some of these differences are done naturally; similar to genetics. Others are picked off through experience from places and can definitely differ in cultures. As mentioned earlier, women are more open than men, thus displaying their type of behavior called nurturing behavior. Contraire, on the men side, they display behaviors of a king; power and dominance. However, this was known to be facts in the past. In the modern world, these tendencies are subject to far more variability than ever before. This is due to increased acceptance and comfort with each gender displaying non-typical body language in many different situations (Amos.2012). Men and women use language differently and communicate differently because they were usually brought up differently. The society expects boys and girls as different background. Boys are expected to put themselves forward, while girls are expected to be humble. The most common body language differences are receiving and sending messages. When receiving messages, as mentioned before; women tend to be better. Unfortunately, men tend to be less skilled at using indirect body language to influence communication without actually knowing it at all when sending messages. Unlikely as it is, there are factual physical reasons for these differences. Women process messages using up to 16 different parts of their brain at once, while men process messages using about six or 7 different parts of their brain at once. Neither is better than other, but each processing pattern does influence the receiving and sending of messages based on gender (Amos,2012) This is the reason for women’s power to multitask and their creative imaginations. As with most things divided up along gender lines, the body language differences between men and women are best used as general guidelines (Amos.2012). This is saying that by knowing these differences between men and women, we may establish a better understanding between the two genders. Relationships between others may last longer than usual. One of the most common ways to better understand the opposite gender is by trust. They are a starting point, if you will, for engaging in interactions and going through the process of establishing rapport and building trust (Amos.2012). Once both men and women better understand each other’s perspective, both can improve on interpretation and understanding. The key is to be respectful of differences and not belittle or judge either gender based on body language issues (Amost.2012). We’re all addressed to our own action, words, perspective, and intention. There will always be a time when we got to face the differences. Just as the saying goes â€Å"Let’s sit, and settle our differences†. By knowing the differences between the two genders, we can start knowing that neither is right or wrong. Despite who is dominant, both men and women have fallen into miscommunication. Therefore, by understanding how the opposite gender tends to communicate, and by using some of those methods yourselfyou can prevent miscommunication and strengthen the relationship with your special someone (Renwall.2010). Through the expansion of human knowledge, we unraveled the differences. This study has a lot of implications and great information for mangers who manage both genders, leaders, ministers, CEO of companies etc†¦ A deeper understanding of the way men and women communicate many domestic and social conflicts in society can be resolved. (Ta’amu.2012) References * Carnes, D. (2010, July 12). Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/172581-do-men-women-use-nonverbal-communication-differently/#ixzz2BnRKgKyj * Renwall, G. (2010, March 16). Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Men-and-Women-Communicate-Differentlyid=3940430 * Grover, S. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://www.ehow.com/info_8110509_gender-differences-nonverbal-communications.html * Amos, J. (2012, October 15). Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk/bodylanguageandmenandwomen.html * Finkle, L. (2011, October 12). In Communication. Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://incedogroup.com/do-men-and-women-communicate-differently-3-telltale-examples-that-say-they-do/

History Of Exhaust Fan And Ventilation Information Technology Essay

History Of Exhaust Fan And Ventilation Information Technology Essay Abstract An automatic ventilation system with an exhaust fan included with a supply fan is presented in this report. With this smart system being proposed, detailed annual energy-efficient operation strategies and methods of control for the air-handling unit are presented. Compare to the traditional type of exhaust fan, the proposed smart system shows that not only does it maintain the indoor air quality but also improve the energy efficiency. Due to the increased outdoor air, the proposed smart system can improve indoor air quality further. An external DC motor will be driven the fan. The reason why an external DC motor is used is because it is able to make the exhaust fan to have the ability of air exhausting and illumination. It also helps to reduce the noise and power consumption of the exhaust fan efficiently. So the proposed smart system is not only energy saving but also environmentally friendly. Acknowledgement This final year report is the end of my long journey in obtaining my Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at University of Sunderland. I have not travelled alone in this journey. There are people who made this journey easier by offering different places to look to expand my theories and ideas. I should specially thanks to my supervisor, Mr Bob Young, for his great interest and assistance of helping me for preparation of this report. Besides, encouragements, supports and advices are continually given by him from the start. It helps me to develop an understanding of the subject thoroughly. Besides, I would also like to thanks to the staffs in the lab, Chris and George for their availability of resources, readiness and skills. Their help in finding the materials that are needed is invaluable. My project will not be in shape without their helps. Last but not least, my deepest thanks to my family, friends and others encouragement and constructive advices that have make the full support of my report completion. Chapter 1: Introduction Overview The purpose of this chapter is to give a rough idea of Intelligent Cooker Hood Exhaust Fan (ICHEF) and how it integrates into and changes the lifestyle of human beings and most importantly, being green. The usual perception of an exhaust fan by the public is simply act as a ventilation system which ventilates the air in an area. But often there are things which are important and being neglected by the public, health. Cooking does not only produce aroma, it often produces more than that, particles of smoke, grease and combusted gasses which are not healthy to breathe in and is environmental pollutants. Food like pepper and onions also produce irritants which can be unpleasant to be continuously exposed to. Exhaust fan are used to remove these pollutants from the air in a specific area. Health, has been an important concern to all of us these days. Because of that, having lots of biological pollutants and dust mite in the living place may cause a serious threat to our health. Thus, the improvement of the indoor air quality is an increasing concern to many people. Molds and dust mites will grow at a high relative humidity and there is one area in the home where moisture is generated, kitchen. Thus, adequate control of moisture in the kitchen is necessary and important. It is generally known that global warming is a severe issue that is happening in the world right now which eventually will bring unwanted natural disasters due to the overheating in the atmosphere and dilapidates the ability of earth to deal with these situations accordingly. To save the world, a few methods are being suggested by ecologists. Energy saving, one of the most effective and most commonly applied by the industries, are used throughout the world in order to avoid the earth from overheating. As a result, the concept of energy saving is being applied in the project to reduce the use of power thus saving money as well. To achieve the goals mentioned above, integrated circuits and sensors are needed to provide aids to control the exhaust fan to either on or off and the speed of the fan according to the data received from the sensors. It is also a low-cost solution and differs from the already-in-market exhaust fan which will cost a fortune. Aims The primary aim for this project is to develop an intelligent cooker hood exhaust fan to make ones life easier with the help of electronic knowledge and most importantly environmental friendly due to energy saving. Objectives The objective of this project is to design a system or programme to determine whether to on or off the exhaust from the readings of the sensors by using MicroCode Studio Plus. An effective and low-cost hardware is designed with sensors attached onto it to obtain data. It will increase or decrease the speed of the exhaust fan according to the level of the heat and smoke detected. Chapter 2: Project Background 2.1 Overview This section presents the general information and history of exhaust fan. It also provides short statement and the application and the hardware which are constructed on Intelligent Cooker Hood Exhaust Fan (ICHEF). Other than hardware, a brief of the software will be provided in this chapter as well. 2.2 History of Exhaust Fan and Ventilation As all of us understand that the purpose of ventilation is to reduce or dilute the indoor contaminants, the experienced engineers should determine how much air is necessary to dilute and reduce the contaminants to a desired level. The existence of ventilation and indoor air quality can be traced back to 17th century. However, concerns about the bad air go back much farther than that. One of the earliest reasons to implement the idea of ventilation is to ventilate the indoor air to a desired level and environment and it is probably still the same problem we have today as why we implement ventilation system in the house is to reduce and remove the products of combustion used for heat, light or cooking. People dated back to 17th undoubtedly learned very quickly that if one brought fire inside the house for cooking, one needed to take the smoke out. The design for ventilation has changed quickly over the time, but it has usually been associated with the indoor contaminants or biological pollutants that can cause health or comfort problems. Looking back into the archeological records, several examples can be found on how houses are built to accommodate ventilation and improve the indoor air quality. There are a few different approaches to deal with the use of fires in the roof. Back in 4000-5000BC, the Banpo villagers in China had implemented chimneys into their houses. The Romans put a hole in the middle of their houses roofs to suck the smoke out of the living place. The basket weavers pit houses found in Mesa Verde National Park, circa 750 AD, use the same approach. The Romans then invented and created a heating system called hypocaust heating system and it is usually for the big buildings. The hypocaust was then preceded and integrated into British parliament buildings in the late 1800s due to its superior heating design in that time. It works by getting the outdoor air into the hypocaust and gains heat from the fire and channeled all the way through the under floor channels and then go up through channels in the walls and vented to the outdoor which acts like a heating system. A system is also built in the late 1880s that uses a similar approach and directs the outside air to the building. The air from the outside is directed over the steam pipes in a heating chamber and conveys into the building. Exhaust openings in the upper reaches of the building provides a stack effect to pull the air through the building. But in year 1631, after one finds that bad indoor air quality can cause health problems, King Charles I ordered that the ceilings in the houses must be at least 10 feet high and that the windows should be higher than the width to allow rooms for ventilation. These improvements were slowly implemented into the buildings in the UK. After the great London fire of 1666, implementations of good ventilations were being speed up because a lot of houses were destroyed. Thus, it makes way for construction of bigger and better ventilated houses with chimneys and large windows which leads to have better indoor air quality when the air ventilates in the house. 2.3 Modern Background of Exhaust Fan and Ventilation With all the history in the previous section, we do of course have some modern background about the exhaust fan and ventilation. Nonetheless in the modern times which due to large demand in the world now, end-product of exhaust fans are being produced in a way of mass production. An american company specialized in kitchen exhaust fan, American Hood, has came out with some different products, ie, fire suppression system. It consists of smoke detector and fire alarm system and use a special wet chemical agent that provides quicker flame knockdown and superior fire prevention if extremely high level of smoke and temperature is detected. 2.4 Introduction to Microcontroller Figure 2.1 Microcontroller What is microcontroller? Microcontroller is sometimes called as a microcomputer or commonly called as MCU, is a kind of small or mini computer that you can find in almost all electronic devices and products. Some examples of common products that we have microcontroller built-in are microwave oven, handphone and etc. If there are buttons and a digital display in a product, chances are it also has a programmable microcontroller brain. Often, microcontrollers are called as an embedded microcontroller, it is mainly because they are often part of an embedded system and usually integrated into a larger device or system. Microcontroller is designed specifically for a particular tasks or jobs such as controlling a particular system which is different with the general purpose microprocessor, the one that is generally used in a PC. A typical microcontroller consists of an integrated CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM for data storage and ROM for programme storage. Other than that, it also provides input and output interfaces on the same chip. It has its advantage because a general purpose microprocessor may require another addition chip to support similar function. 2.5 Introduction to PIC16F876A PIC, initials refer to Peripheral Interface Controller, is a type of microcontroller made by a company called Microchip. They are 8 bit microprocessors with small RAM, ROM and simple peripherals bundled on a same chip. The figure below shows the number of pins and functions of each pin. C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktoppic16f876a.png Figure 2.2 Integrated Circuit PIC16F876A The PIC16F876A was chosen for this project because it has the function of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in the integrated circuit itself, which is located at pin 12 and 13. The PWM function can be set through the configuration during the progamme codes writing in the software. PWM will be explained more in details in the next few chapters. By using this integrated circuit, it helps to save the trouble and works to construct an external circuit to perform a similar function. 2.6 Introduction to L293D C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktopl293d.gif Figure 2.3 Integrated Circuit L293D The L293D is a quadruple high-current half-H driver. It is designed to provide a bidirectional drive currents of up to 600mA at voltages ranging from 4.5V to 36V. Not only that, it drives the inductive loads such as relays, DC motors, solenoids as well as other high current or voltage loads in positive supply applications. In this project of Intelligent Cooker Hood Exhaust Fan (ICHEF), L293D was chosen to drive one DC motor to show the speed of the motor driven by the frequency (PWM) from the microcontroller. 2.7 Introduction to MAX232 Figure 2.4 Integrated Circuit MAX232 MAX232 is a communication tool used mainly for serial commands to and from a flash rom. Besides, it is also an integrated circuit that changes the signals from RS232 serial port to signals that is compatible to use in TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic). The MAX232 is a duo driver and receiver and typically converts the RX (Receive), TX (Transmit), CTS and RTS signals. Figure 2.4 shows MAX232s structure and pin in/out of MAX232 chip. MAX232 chip was chosen for converting signals because it has long been used for microcontroller boards. It provides 2-channel RS232 port and requires external 10uF capacitors. 2.8 Introduction to Temperature Sensor (LM35) C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktopLM35.jpg Figure 2.5 LM35 The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that is used to measure the temperature with an electrical output which is about the same compare to the temperature in degree celsius. LM35 acts as temperature sensor in this project. It was being chosen because it does not require any extra calibration or trimming to keep its accuracy to measure the temperature. There is another main characteristic of the LM35 which act as a temperature sensor is that it takes 60mA from its supply only. Since the main objective of this project is being green and save energy, LM35 was chosen instead of other type of thermistor. 2.9 Introduction to Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktopvdiv1.gif Figure 2.6 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) A light dependent resistor (LDR) is a small semiconductor. LDR is used to recharge the light during different changes in light or made to turn a light on during certain changes in lights. One of the most commonly used areas that LDR implemented is in fire alarm system. It relies upon on the smoke which is produced in the event of a fire. When this smoke passes and covered the LDR and the amount of light falling on the LDR decreases, it will then send a signal to the microcontroller. Microcontroller will act accordingly from the pre-set programmes, in this case of the project, the microcontroller will drive the motor according to the data received. The aim of a LDR is to vary the brightness of a light in the different conditions. This can be described easily by the concept of a digital watch. Some watches get to glow in the dark so that it is possible to tell the time without pressing any buttons. It is the LDR that let the watch to know when it is dark and changes the emission level of the light accordingly. There are of course many good benefits and advantages to the LDR. A smaller amount of power will be consumed with the aid of LDR in many different kind of lights. It also helps lights to last much longer which is good for environment in a way. 2.10 Computer Interfacing Module Even though its easy especially when there is plug-and-play internal hardware solution for the computer, connecting some of the external tools or devices may still require a certain amount of technical knowledge and experience. There are generally two types of ways for data transmission, parallel and serial. Serial transmission has been chosen for this project. C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktopDB9.jpeg Figure 2.7 Layout of DB-9 Female In the past, old type of computer used 25 pins connectors while in fact that only 9 pins were actually used. Thus nowadays most of the connectors are manufactured in 9 pins instead. Each of the 9 pins usually connects to a wire. Besides the two wires which are used for transmitting (TD) and receiving (RD) data shown in Figure 2.7, the other pin is for signal ground. The voltage on any other wire is measured with respect to the ground. So, the minimum number of wires of a connector to use for 2 way transmission of data is 3. Although it has been known that it works without the signal ground wire, it will degrade the performances and often with errors. There are more wires which are for controlling purposes and not for sending bytes. Even though all of the signal can share on one wire, but there is still a separate wire dedicated to every type of signal instead. C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktopmax232.gif Figure 2.8 Connection of MAX232 and Microcontroller While communicating with different type of microcontrollers, one needs to convert the RS232 levels down to lower levels, usually 3.3V or 5V. Serial RS232 communication works with voltages -15V to 15V for high and low. On the other hand, TTL logic operates between 0V and 5V. Modern low power consumption logic operates in the range of 0V and 3.3V or even lower. The MAX232 chip from Maxim was the first integrated circuit in the market contains the necessary drivers  and receivers  to adapt the RS232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. The reason why it became popular was because it needs only one voltage (3.3V or 5V) to generates the necessary RS232 voltage levels. . 2.11 MicroCode Studio C:Documents and SettingsUserDesktopscreen1.gif Figure 2.9 Layout of MicroCode Studio MicroCode Studio is integrated development software which has the capability to debug and was developed and used for microEngineering labs PICBASIC and PICBASIC PRO compiler. Microcode Studio is packed with a code explorer that helps to jump automatically to files, constants, variables, symbols, defines and labels, which are consisted in respected source code. Besides, there are too other features available in this software such as cut, copy and paste, undo and replace options. Not only that, it has the ability to correct and identify the assembler errors. It features views for serial output from the external of the microcontroller. The software helps the user to set up assembler and compiler options. Other than that, it has auto-search feature included in the software which helps the user to do all the work which is involved. It too has the error result window which helps to identify errors and correct them easily. The good thing about this compiler is that when the user clicks on the errors in the compiler, MicroCode Studio will automatically jump into the line location and it efficiently helps the users to know where and how to debug the serial output from the microcontrollers. Chapter 3: System Description 3.1 Overview This chapter focuses on the system design, description and illustration of block diagram of the Intelligent Cooker Hood Exhaust Fan. Several descriptions of the systems will be explained in this chapter as well. 3.2 Introduction The system consists of mainly 4 parts, namely:- Temperature sensor (LM35) / LDR (act as a smoke sensor) and its readings The temperature sensor and LDR will sense the heat or smoke level. If the level exceeds the pre-set level, the fans will be activated automatically via the control of microcontroller. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) A LCD will be installed in the system to display the temperature reading and LDR values according to the data received. It is to give the user an insight or idea of what is the current values of temperature or light density at that particular time. Speed of exhaust fan by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) The speed of exhaust fan will be adjusted according to the heat level detected and generate the pulses accordingly. The speed may go higher only when the heat level is higher thus saving the wasted energy which is required to run the fans to full speed at all time. This type of exhaust fan differs from the traditional type of exhaust fan. The fans will then still be activated for a short period of time after the reading drops back to the pre-set heat level in order to remove all the excessive smoke or odour away. Driver Circuit A circuit by L293D to control DC motors with external power supply. 3.3 System Design Microcontroller (PIC16F876A) Temperature Sensor (LM35) Light Dependent Resistor Fans High Speed Low Speed LCD Display Determine speed according to heat smoke level Fans still on for a pre-set time Controller Circuit Figure 3.1 Overall Block Diagram of Intelligent Cooker Hood Exhaust Fan The concept of Intelligent Cooker Hood Exhaust Fan is smart. It helps to reduce the workload of human beings and also it will save energy as well. The microcontroller which uses PIC16F876A serves as a main brain of the whole system. It uses 2 types of sensors which are the temperature sensor (LM35) and light dependent resistor (LDR). With the help of both sensors, data are easily received and displayed on the LCD Display with some aids of the programming. After the data are received and displayed on LCD Display, pulses will be generated by the function of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in PIC16F876A and it sends the signal to the controller circuit, DC motor in this case, and drive the motor accordingly to what the readings are being obtained. The fans should still be on for a period of time to ensure the remaining smell and odour are sucked away. 3.4 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a useful technique that controls the analog circuits with the aids of the processors digital outputs. It is employed in different types of areas. It is widely used from power control and communications to measurement and conversion. To control the analog circuit in digital way, it helps to reduce the cost of the system and most importantly, it reduces the level of usage of power consumption as well. 3.4.1 Duty Cycle PWM Signals Figure 3.2 PWM Signals of Varying Duty Cycles Figure 3.2 shows three different PWM signals. The upper figure shows a PWM output with a 10% duty cycle. It just means that the signal is on for 10% of the period and off the other 90% of the period, so the average is low. Likewise, the middle figure shows the analog signal value at 50% and lower figure shows 90%, so its average is half and high accordingly. If it is fully on, it requires 100% of the period while when it is 0%, it is off. 3.4.2 PWM Frequency The PWM signal frequency is important depending on the hardware that one is using. If the main purpose is to create a DC signal then the high frequency will be required (kHz) so that the low pass filter can eliminate the frequency component. To determine how high the frequency, it is to depend on how much frequency components are allowed at the output and how it is used. 3.4.3 Communication and Control One of the reasons why PWM is so popular is because that the signal remains digital at all times, from the microcontroller to the driver circuit. There is no Digital-To-Analog Conversion (DAC) is required. The noises in the signal will be reduced to minimum level because the signals are in digital form. Noises can affects digital forms signal only if it is great enough to change from Logic 1 to Logic 0 and likewise. PWM is often used for communication is mainly because PWM has the ability to increase the noise immunity over analog control. By converting the analog signal to PWM, it increases the length of a communication channel. An appropriate RC (Resistor-Capacitor) or LC (Inductor-Capacitor) network can remove the modulated high frequency wave form and return the PWM signal back to analog form at the recipient side. 3.5 DC Motor C:Documents and SettingsKLTDesktopelectric-motor.jpg Figure 3.3 DC Motor Almost all mechanical movement that surrounded us is caused by either an AC or DC electric motor. It converts the electrical energy into the mechanical movement. One needs to have a little background knowledge about electromagnet and electricity in general to understand how a motor works. 3.5.1 How It Works? In any kind of electric motor, in this case, a DC motor, the operation is mainly based on a simple electromagnetism. A magnetic field is then generated by a current carrying conductor. By doing so, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor when it is placed in the external magnetic field. Everyone is well aware of playing the magnets when young. The opposite polarities attract, in this case, north and south pole. Vice versa, the same polarities repel, north-north and south-south. The operation of a DC motor has similar concept. The internal arrangement of a DC motor is outlined to compose the magnetic interaction between an external magnetic field and a current carrying conductor to generate rotational movement. Image Figure 3.4 Layout of DC Motor Almost all the basic DC motor has these six common parts in them, namely axle, commutator, rotor, stator, brushes and field magnets. In most DC motor, the external magnetic field is produced by high level strength of permanent magnets. The rotor rotates according to the stator which is stationary as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The windings of the rotor are being connected electrically towards the commutator. The above figure shows a common motor layout with the rotor inside the stator magnets. 2-pole motor in action Figure 3.5 Operation of DC Motor The relationships between the commutator contacts, the brushes and the rotor windings are that when the power is being supplied to the motor, the stator magnets will be incorrectly aligned, the rotor will rotates till it is aligned with the stators field magnet and polarities of the energized winding. The brushes will move to the next commutator contacts and next winding will be energized only when the rotor are in alignment. It can be given by the simple example of 2-pole motor. The rotation reverses the direction of current flow through the rotor winding, causing to the flip of the rotors magnetic field, making it to continue rotating. Image Figure 3.6 Inner view of DC Motor Iron core armature is commonly used in a DC motor as it has a few advantages. The iron core provides a strong and firm support to the windings, it is specifically important considering for the high torque motors. The core, in a way, also dissipate the heat away from the rotor windings very well that it allows the DC motor to rotate even harder. And most importantly, to construct an iron core is comparably cheaper than other type of construction. Unarguably, there are always pros and cons about almost everything. There are a few disadvantages about the construction of iron core. The high level of inertia in iron armature reduces the motor acceleration dramatically. This type of construction also causes the high winding inductances which reduce the life of the brush and commutator. Chapter 4: Circuitry Explanation 4.1 Overview This chapter is about the circuits that are used in this project. Circuit operation and the performance of the entire circuit are roughly explained in this chapter. All datasheets of the Integrated Circuits used in this project are attached in the appendixes section. Circuit diagrams for every part of the overall circuit in this project are provided so that the operation of the circuit can be understood easily by non-engineer readers. 4.2 Microcontroller Unit (PIC16F876A) Figure 4.2 Microcontroller Unit The PIC16F876A CMOS FLASH-based 8-Bit microcontroller consists of a 200 nanoseconds instruction execution, self programming, an ICD (In-Circuit Debugger), 2 comparators, 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, 2 PWM functions and a UART. The main brain of this control unit replies upon on the PIC16F876A with a 4MHz resonator that produces the clock pulses which is required buy the targeted microcontroller. 4.3 Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) Figure 4.3 Circuit of Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) with MAX232 An UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a type of computer hardware that converts the data between the serial and parallel forms. UART is often used with other types of communication means such as, RS232. It is usually a single IC (Integrated Circuit) that used for serial communication or through peripheral device serial port. UART is usually used for embedded system such as microcontroller with RS232. Different interface equipment is usually used to change the logic level of the UART to and from the external signaling levels. It doesnt usually receiver nor generate the external signals which are used between the different types of equipment. 4.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Figure 4.4 Circuit of Light Dependent Resistor The circuit shown above is about the sensor of the circuit. LDR in this project is to activate the microcontroller. It acts as an input and will send the analogue data into microcontroller and microcontroller will determine the data received and perform a task accordingly. These values will be sent into microcontroller on PortA.0. 4.5 Temperature Sensor (LM35) C:Documents and SettingsKLTDesktopuntitled.bmp Figure 4.5 Circuit of Temperature Sensor (LM35) The power supply (Vcc) can be ranging from 4V to 20V depending on the project requirement, but 5V will be used in this project. To use the LM35 sensor, one can just connect the Vcc to 5V, Ground to Ground and the Out to the Analog-Digital Converter channel. The output varies with temperature obtained. The values will be sent to microcontroller via PortA.1. 4.6 Motor Controller (L293D) C:Documents and SettingsKLTDesktopuntitled.JPG Figure 4.6 Circuit Connection of L293D to Microcontroller The DC motor can be driven in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction depending to the requirements. To do so one first needs to connect the motor and find out the commands that are needed to give to the microcontroller to perform the specific rotation. Pin 1 and pin 8 will need to connect to 5V. Pin 3 and 6 are connected to the output which is DC Motor. Pin 4 and 5 are for grounding. Pin 2 and 7 act as an input which connect to PortC.7 and PortC.6 respectively. Pin 1 of the L293D will also connect to Pin 12 or 13 for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) function in microcontroller. 4.7 Overall Circuit C:Documents and SettingsKLTDesktopoverall.JPG Figure 4.7 Overall Circuit Chapter 5: Materials 5.1 Overview The main purpose of this chapter is about the materials and tools that are used in this project whereby components, software and tools used will be listed for reference purposes. Budget and stores for all components are also listed at the end of this chapter as well. 5.2 Preface of Materials Used All materials used in finishing this project can be further categorized into 3 main groups of computer software, apparatus and electronic components. These 3 major groups of materials will be further discussed in following subchapters. 5.2.1 Computer Software Computer software used in this project is shown below. No. Computer Software Function 1. Live Wire Do the simulation of the circuit 2. Micro Code Programming for the Microcontroller 3. Microsoft Word Report typing Table 5.1 List and function of the software used to complete this project 5.2.2 Apparatus The table below shows the apparatus that required for c

Essay --

The movie is set in early 15th century in England. The Bishop of Ely and the Archbishop of Canterbury scheme to distract young King Henry V from passing a law that might seize asset from the church. They accede to instigate him to invading France. In the throne room, Canterbury tells the King's advisers that Henry should be the successor to the kingship of France in accordance with Salic law. With support of the aristocrats Exeter and Westmoreland, the clergymen try to persuade Henry to begin war on France if his claim on the French crown is defied. Then, Henry calls in Mountjoy, who represents the Dauphin. The Dauphin's response was the delivery of a chest of tennis balls. Opening the chest, Exeter is surprised, but Henry is not disturbed by the contempt. But he resolves to invade France and begins to program his campaign. First, Henry deceives three traitors into reading their own sentence by asking advice to punish a guy who defamed him in the public. When they proposed that he should have no mercy to a betrayer, Henry reveals his acknowledgment of their deception. Exeter indicts them of lese majesty and executes them before crossing the English Channel. Meantime in France, Charles VI, the King of France and his entourages discuss the threat of King Henry. The Dauphin is unaffected by the threat, but Charles and the Constable of France hold anxiety, since Henry's martial ancestors and previous English invasions. With full armor, Exeter arrives and tells them that Henry wants the French crown and tries to forcibly seize it if it is withheld, and gives the Dauphin a contemptuous message. King tells him to wait for a response until the following day. King Henry speeches to his troops to boost their morale and surges Harfleur. W... ... devastated troops defeated the enormous French army. Each soldier’s life is depicted as his struggle in the battle, and he defeats the adversary, and soon the entire troops break through plight situation. Thus, life of a single soldier is deeply associated with the life of the entire soldiers. It implies that in battlefield, every single person shares the same pain and shares the same state of mind. I like this movie because of this implication as well as Henry V’s heroic strength and charisma. Every characters show sophisticated performances, which were more passionate and more realistic than the reality. The time setting is in early 15th century in England, so the characters’ attire and the set designs were just like those of the medieval era and seemed to have no irrelevance. The attire was quite similar to the attire of aristocrats and soldiers at that time.

PlayStation 3 VS Xbox 360 Essay

Although PlayStation 3 are both great systems, PlayStation 3 the better buy. Both consoles have awesome features such as 3D motion gaming, unlimited music, and online play. Only one of these consoles can be consider the best of the best. The PlayStation 3 is by far the superior console with its Blu-ray integration, amazing cell processor, and rechargeable wireless controller. The first difference is The PlayStation Network is free, whereas Xbox Live Gold charges a gamer yearly to use their services. After making one PlayStation purchase, a gamer does not have to worry about internet again. A person gets all the same features on PlayStation 3 for $250 dollars, plus forty extra gigabytes of memory. However, Xbox 360 costs $249 dollars plus fifty dollars for a one-year membership. Not including the fee of fifty dollars a person does not obtain the full features because they always have to worry about renewing their membership. Another difference is the PlayStation 3 controllers are rechargeable, while Xbox 360 controllers need batteries or other attachments. With the PlayStation 3 a gamer receive one controller with a chord to charge it. Also when the controller dies a gamer can hook it up to their PlayStation and it will still play as it charges. In contrast, a Xbox 360 does not come with a rechargeable controller, a gamer constantly has to buy batteries or pay extra for attachments. With the Playstation3 having the rechargeable controller gives a gamer more gameplay. Last but not least, PlayStation 3 graphics seem more defined, but Xbox 360 graphics are often unrealistic and cartoonish. The PlayStation has Blu-ray player for better graphics and watching movies. It’s very crisp and smooth because of the quick cell processor. On the other hand, Xbox 360 does not have Blu-ray capabilities and its processor is much slower. That makes the game’s and movie’s resolution much lower. The PlayStation 3 has faster and  more efficient technologies and that leads to better gaming experiences. Finally, with the free network that the PlayStation 3 has it will save a person more money than Xbox 360. Also having the rechargeable wireless controller with the PlayStation 3 a gamer is able to have more gameplay without worrying about paying for batteries or extra attachments. Last, even though Xbox 360 has an unlimited amount of games, its graphics are not as realistic as the PlayStation 3. In conclusion, the PlayStation 3 is by far the better gaming system to buy.

Essay About Smart-Phones Industry Essay

Question 1 According to the task, I select the smart-phones industry as an example to figure out my own opinion. The marketing environment always consists of particular elements within a business’s external competitive environment and operating environment which is related to the demands of one product’s target consumer, that is also known as the target market member. The operating environment includes investors, employees, customers, creditors, and the marketing environment, and how to use a business and its obtained resources. The elements beyond the scope of the company’s control is a company’s remote environment composed of . Elements about the remote-environment incorporate current and expected economic, social, technical and political factors. The industry environment, which describes the situations of businesses supplying a similar kind of product or service, is also called the competitive environment. Analyzing the remote business environment is doing good at helping business people understand the innate character and tendency of the nowaday conditions. Remote analysis tells hidden issues and predicts directions. Competitive or industry analysis lends a hand for business managers knowing how can they make their outputs diverse and better than their competitors’. Operational analysis provides people an wide profile about the company. The operational profile benefits analysts in learning which business strategies are efficacious and after all which strategies may be needed to be optimized or abolished. The macro environment involves the external factors which can totally influence a business or industry. However, these factors are not often in the control or the management ability that a company equipped with. Factors typically also include economic, demographic and social, political, technological, and legal forces in business. Business managers as well as the owners often spend a lot of time and efforts to evaluate the worldwide economic environment to finally make a determination about the number and the effectiveness of all these factors. Economic factors are generally comprised of supply and demand, the actual number of competitors in this given market, availability of recently economic resources, and efficient manufacturing methods used by companies. All these factors influence this company’s output and latent profit margins while they are selling goods and services to their consumers. Free market economies obviously have more competition for the sake of that more individuals and businesses can benefit themselves through the raw materials, labor, and facilities in the market. Demographics and society refers to information which is about the buyers in this economic market. This information involves statistics on not only the consumer age, sex, race, religion, education, but also their household size, marital status, and also other similar information. Companies that use that information to create productions and marketing strategies in order to meet the demands of all the consumers in the designated macro environment. Whatever, this information interacts on general economic factors. Companies must have the ability to decide the consumer supply and need by assessing consumer benefits. Political forces generally indicate that the government agencies or apartments and policies must be responsible for this particular nation’s economy. Policies may involve business taxes, interest rate as well as the availability of currency. Otherwise, companies regular make a business decision that is based on the government involvement within a set business industry. Creating business distributions in these regions sometimes can reduce one company’s incomes and make it adapt to more regulations and laws, which also rises operating costs. Technological changes these recent decades have changed the method companies do trades in the very macro environment. Websites, network station, software based on Internet, and the fulfillment centers permit companies to put their goods and services in multiple and international economic markets. Strategies and performance reviews can favor owners as well as the managers to use the macro environment elements to product a few competitive advantages for their subsidiary companies. Recognition of strategic groups is the crucial side for industry itself analysis. A strategic group is comprised of firms in this industry which is following almost the same strategies that aimed at the same target market groups. Marketing environments are related to the stage which the product stand on in the whole business marketing life cycle. The life-cycle marketing environment, thus, the four marketing life-cycle stages incorporated introduction, growth, maturity or decline. New products emerge on stage Introductory which is often described by an invention or an original service. Environments in the growth stage are with high competition, that means there are many firms attempting to divide shares of the similar target market. When it comes to the maturity stage, sales are growing slowly since most buyers who buy this kind product are those people who have already bought the product before. Sales slow to a halt in the decline stage. However, there may be some types would not go through every stage in this marketing life cycle. Marketing environments could also be depictured obviously of no concern of the marketing life cycle. None market leaders exist in Fragmented marketing environments. And this kind environment consisted of plenty of relatively small firms. The global marketing environment is the station for worldwide selling products businesses. Smart phone companies are illustrations of businesses which connected close with this free global marketing environment. Question 2 Since I am one of Samsung’s loyal customers, let’s take Samsung LTD as an individual firm within the cellphone industry. Samsung is a famous company selling smart phones all around the world. When we go back to see the last ten years, the rapid development of the mobile technology is an very outstanding phenomenon which really forever changed nowadays society we live in. In spite of the challenges that the current mobile industry environment brings, mobile future buyers growth are continuing without stopping with the emergency of markets to lead the way. However, the mobile industry is facing with a good many key issues, the economic downturn as well as the saturation of the spectrum concerns included. Before going next, we must say something about marketing assets. It can fall into four categories as the following: Internal or marketing support assets is the first sort. For instance, cost advantages emerge when Samsung try many ways to save its cost; while, on the other hand, information systems together with market intelligence is also of consequence; moreover, Samsung do business bases on the feeling of their existing customer; technological skills is irreplaceable in today’s mobile industry. There are many other aspects in this professional realm. The next is called the Alliance-based assets which can be described by the following questions: do the company have a market access to entry the big market? How to access to this market? And what is their management skills? How to share technology and so on. Supply chain assets is another category. In this part, Samsung pays enough attention to distribution network and the relationships between workers and buyers; they deal wel l with the pockets of strength; they ensure the delivery lead times and security of supply which is hard to come by. The last one is Customer-based and reputation assets. Relationships between Samsung supplier and customers is good. Samsung has great company name as well as good reputation; nowadays Samsung really have the smart phone market’s domination and it can not get without superior products and the after-sale services. In order to develope Samsung’s marketing capabilities which refers to its ability to perform their fixed marketing-mix activities this firm must marshal all kinds of resources they have and then deliver the value to customer. Fortunately, Samsung did this, too. We can see advertising of Samsung’s product wherever we go, such as GALAXY S4. Resources portfolios are related to the project that organizations is described as collections of resources, assets, and capabilities. The crucial dimensions of resources portfolios are the significance of resources when it comes to create values for customers together with resource advantage relative to other smart phone producer, namely, competitors. What is the competitive advantage of Samsung? First, they save costs as possible compared to competitors based on the large-scale production or intensive production. Second, they have unique production and after service. Otherwise, Samsung has done good job in developing and exploiting all their resources. Since the emergency of Apple’s iPhone in phone market, most rival mobile manufacturers are spot in a hard ‘catch-up’ stage due to they fell behind after they did not find out how to use ‘touch screen’ technology through their cellphones’ production process. However, Samsung is a winner just like Apple. It exploited not only a unique system for Galaxy but also good screen-touch technology and applications. Around this rapidly developed world, the mobile industry is standing out. America is moving forward faraway but other countries keep banging away at their spectrum plans. The mobile industry, obviously, wants their governments to say something to clarified and regard their spectrum policies. Samsung start to research and develop spectrum since that more spectrum is needed whether they want many new opportunities to use mobile and wireless broadband technology to offer this society and the worldwide economy more help. With the number of mobile users are growing up day after day worldwide, the mobile industry is still put up with the declining Average Revenue Per User. The economic downturn, nevertheless, would not be the only element that driving down the ARPU; I believe that price wars involving in the increasingly competitive market and the trend for mobile users growth. Total cellphone sales and the mobile phone revenues were also decreasing in early years after the strong financial crisis. There is also evidence showing that the whole sales of smart phones are mounting while the handset sales totally being declining. Since Nokia has been losing its hegemony in market shares in the recent times. In spite of only this recent two or three years in the mobile market, Samsung has also become very very popular. Question 3 Sellers have three choices when they come in a market. Mass marketing is decided by a mass-produce mode and mass divide one product into pieces and try to attract each types of consumers. Target marketing is the decision to distinguish the different groups which make up a market to develop corresponding products and marketing mixes for each target market. Sellers in the last decade are continuing moving away from the mass marketing and they are moving towards their established target marketing since the latter is more helpful in cramping out market opportunities and developing successful product marketing mixes. Market segmentation is the procedure of dividing and measuring distinct groups of customers or potential buyers finally into subgroups in view of the same needs or preferences. Competitive positioning pay attention on how consumers consider about the sundry providing on the mobile market contrast with the other mobile producers. Not only the competitive positioning but the market segmentation must be formulated in this way so that the demand for consumers are fulled in ways which are better than competitors. Talking about so much, the definition of market positioning is not told. It is a sure process about formulating competitive positioning for each kind of product and the detailed mix of the product in marketing. The firm should be quite sure about their plan for how to introduce the function and advantage of the product to all these the consumers. How Samsung’s consumers think about it on significate attributes and decide the product’s position. That is to say, a company’s positioning relates to Samsung finding the appropriate ‘location’ among a group of buyers as well as their market segment is good so that they could d evelop a new product or provide better service in a customer desired way. While we define market segmentation as the process of placing the buyers in our target product-market and then divide them into multiple sub-groups for the members in every segmentation showing similar respond to a special positioning strategy. Market segmentation bases on the real information but not the marketers’ intuition. Obviously, Samsung catches the value of the procedure of market segmentation. They find out that customers are not all the same and other different products may probably take the fancy of buyers on multiform stages through their lifetimes. Considering about the mobile industry, for the sake of an illustration of this conception, Samsung practices what one preaches. The segmentation procedure refers to separating the big market into different groups of customers who might require separate products or marketing mixes, recognised that all buyers have unique needs and wants. It is generally possible in buyer markets to ensure comparatively homogeneous parts or segmentation of the whole mobile market rely on shared preferences, views, or actions that separate them from the others in the smart phone market. Diverse products and separate mixes may be needed in these segments, and one-to-one marketing approach segment is a decisive step in this contemporary. Generally speaking, B2B or B2C mode are used bu Samsung for a long time and its markets can be divided into parts using geographical and demographic descriptors, while diverse forms of behavioral descriptors and psychographics. Demographic descriptors include age like how old their customers are, gender which means female or male, household life cycle, income about their benefit, their occupation, their education degree, and race. Behavioral descriptors contain a plentiful collection of segment bases that benefits sought, behaviour about purchasing, usage about this kind of product, loyalty to distinct brand, their attitudes towards product and relationship seeking characteristics are included. Psychographic descriptors include personality and lifestyle, Samsung research every class for their buyers to gain more. References Hooley, G., Piercy, N., & Nicolaud, B. (2012). Marketing strategy and competitive positioning (5th ed.). New York: FT Prentice Hall. Oviatt, B. and McDougall, P. 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